Tourism

Tourism is the act of traveling to or browse for fun, a different place from where you live normally, which may involve the use of a one night stay in a hotel and possibly transport the book title.
Initially attached to leisure and health tourism now also encompasses all economic activities in which the person uses for an unusual move (transport, hotels, restaurants, bars, etc).
It may be, for example, a business trip (this is called "business tourism") or religious ("cultural tourism") or travel in order to have sex with indigenous ("sex tourism") pilgrimage. You can also seek treatment in another country where you live, it's called medical tourism.

Practicing tourism also allows pause your schedule utility tax by the need to earn a living while.
Tourists are generally interested in culture or scenery you visit. This practice has long been the exclusive domain of the wealthy who could afford to travel, to see the remarkable buildings, artwork or try other cuisines.

Tourism has generated an industry where the middle classes in Western countries (Europe and North America) could start traveling. This is a general improvement in standards that allowed people to spend more time on leisure activities such as tourism, not to mention the considerable progress in the (sea, rail and air especially) Transport living.
Four international organizations (Statistical Commission of the United Nations (en), World Tourism Organization, Eurostat and OECD) define this term. "'Tourism' includes the activities of persons traveling to and staying in different places outside their usual environment for a period less than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.

History

1) The British founders:
The words "tourism" and "tourism" was first used officially by the League of Nations to appoint people traveling abroad for periods of over 24 hours. But the tourism industry is much older than that.
In order for the tourism, must meet four key parameters:
   + Taste for the exotic, the discovery of other cultures.
   + More money available for non-essential activities.
   + Leisure
   + Infrastructure and facilitate secure communications and travel and accommodation.

English in the Roman countryside. Carl Spitzweg (1845)
The term "tower" became popular in Britain in the eighteenth century, when the "Grand Tour of Europe" (Grand Tour of Europe) became a part of the education of the young and wealthy British gentlemen. To complete their education and avoid the harsh weather of his native island, many young people were all over Europe, but especially in places of cultural and aesthetic interest as Rome, Tuscany and the Alps, and the European capitals.
Number of British and European artists from the sixteenth century were the "Trip to Italy" as Claude Lorrain. If Rome, Naples and Florence has attracted foreign visitors, is the influence of the Romantic poets like Lord Byron and William Blake that made the countryside, the Alps, torrents and ravines of the mountains,
Eighteenth century British aristocrats especially crazy for the "Grand Tour", taking the opportunity to discover the artistic and archaeological heritage of Italy in particular, and art treasures of Europe accumulate. They played an important role in the birth of archeology with the discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum in particular. As works of art brought in quantities unmatched anywhere else in Europe, this is what explains the current wealth of many public and private British collections. Tourism that time was essentially elitist, accreditation and training allowed him to meet with his counterparts around Europe trip.
Tourism in the modern sense did not develop until the nineteenth century, He is today most of the tourism industry.

The beginning of the industrialization of tourism was a British invention in the nineteenth century, including the creation of the first travel agency Thomas Cook. This responded to the growing needs of travel for all sorts of reasons, the British whose country was the first European country to industrialize. Initially, only the owners of the means of production, factories, traders and the new middle class benefited from free time, but also increased the desire to travel, for example, visit the Universal Exhibition (the first World Expo held in London in 1851 and attracts millions of visitors).
Tourism diversifies during the nineteenth century travel leisure, business travel, spa, sun seekers in the cold season, especially for the treatment of tuberculosis, a scourge of the time.
The British origin of this new industry is attested by many names:
Nice, the long esplanade along the sea is still known as the Promenade des Anglais
many stations in continental Europe, the luxury hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, the Hotel Carlton or the Hotel Majestic.
They are also the British tourists who invented winter sports in Switzerland in the town of Zermatt. Before the arrival of the first tourists, the villagers of Zermatt only saw his long snowy winter was a time when the best thing to do was stay out of the cold and make cuckoo clocks or other objects lifts.
The role of the railways in the development of tourism:
Mass tourism began to develop when transport had increased and that the number of people who enjoy increased leisure time. The invention of the railway and the development of railways in the nineteenth century led to the growth of cities in the sea easily accessible for British urban ... Blackpool was created by the construction of a line to Fleetwood and some stations were promoted by the railway companies in iron Morecambe Midland Railway and Cleethorpes by the Great Central Railway. Other stations include Scarborough in Yorkshire, servicing Leeds and Bradford; Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, providing the people of Bristol; and Skegness, with the participation of the residents of the industrial East Midlands. The Cockneys of London flocked to Southend-on-Sea, mainly by boat paddle wheels from the Thames and the stations of the South Coast as Broadstairs, Brighton and Eastbourne were only a short train ride with another well as Bournemouth, Bognor Regis and Weymouth.

The passenger of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1896)
For a century, domestic tourism was the norm, with trips booked for the rich or the culturally curious people abroad. A number of destinations in the interior, such as the National Park Lake District and Snowdonia appealed to those who loved the countryside and beautiful scenery. The camp began appearing in the 1930s, but this has really expanded in the post-war period. Butlins and Pontins put this trend, but its popularity declined with the rise of organized trips abroad and increased comfort that visitors became accustomed at home. Towards the end of the twentieth century, this market has been revived by local stations high end of the Dutch Center Parcs.

2) The colonial tourism: 
An example of tourism development in the settlements is the case of the Netherlands Indies. Between 1890 and 1910, the publication of guides multiply. The colonial government includes the profit that can be drawn from this interest, and built relay progress through the island of Java, the Pasanggrahan. Between 1900 and 1930, tourism by Europeans in Java booming. In Batavia, the capital of the colony, Information Office of Travellers' publishes guides touting the charms of the "East Indies". The tire manufacturer Goodyear publishes maps. Prestigious hotels were built throughout the island. This development is made possible by the improvement of maritime connections between Batavia and Singapore, the main British colony in the region and an important port.

Another example is the French colonial tourism: the creation of the hill station of Dalat in Vietnam in 1916, tourism in North Africa in the late nineteenth century, favored by aristocrats of the Grand Tour of the seventeenth century, travel by intellectuals and artists in the eighteenth century and then by the imperial authorities to arouse curiosity and a taste for the exotic. These authorities, through public organizations or private institutions (Touring Club of France, tourist offices, transatlantic companies like General Transatlantic Company, railways as the PLM), created Committees hivernage3 are building hotels, casinos, theaters, roads, schools tourism, post guides, preserving local heritage (souks, mosques). They use propaganda to glorify colonialism and even encourage the arrival of new settlers. After the 1929 crisis, the decline of the emerging tourism for "domestic tourism" colonial officials and most popular tourism (especially members of the Association of Tourism and Work of John Faucher of Tourism Association of Railway who take their dating committees summer). The authorities create ad hoc parallel institutions (OFALAC in Algeria, Tunisia Lotus) to develop economically colonized these areas, for example, the multiplication of national parks of Algeria. After World War II, with the development of mass tourism, tourism development concerted actions are implemented.

3) Recent revolutions: 
The tourist is not just "any person traveling outside their usual environment for a period of at least one night to a year" (defined by the World Tourism Organization); is a much broader activities together diverse practices. If in France until 1936 were the preserve of the upper class, with the introduction of paid vacation, which echoed the other; the mass of workers and their families and, ultimately, can pass approval. The development of mass tourism in France is carried out after the creation of the third, the fourth week of paid vacation in 1956 and 19696.Cependant, in many ways, tourism (such as travel) remains available only to luxury class upper and middle of the population in developed countries.

Mass tourism: the high-rise hotels, as we see in Benidorm (photo) were built along the coast of southern Europe in the 1960s and 1970s to accommodate tourists from Northern Europe.
Some trends are emerging in recent years. First, there is fragmentation of the holiday period, with the subsequent dissemination of the "season". This trend towards fragmentation also helps develop local tourism. There is also a more pronounced taste for roaming: mobility increases with time, the needs of the family, the desires of the moment, parties or events. This diversity of tastes and practices also contribute to the development of theme parties. These factors require a good knowledge of tourist flows.

In recent years, due to a decrease in working hours that give everyone more time for leisure, but also in the cost of living, rising steadily, spending limits, has created the 'tourism' one . days ", which is becoming increasingly widespread a new form of tourism is developing in recent years: the creative tourism offers visitors an active participation in the culture of a country or region.

There creative tourism as a form of cultural tourism, since the beginning of tourism. Back to its European roots young European aristocrats qu'effectuaient Grand Tour in order to learn about other cultures, making trips based on experience. More recently, creative tourism has been recognized as such by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards, as a member of ATLAS - Association for Tourism and Leisure Education conducted a large number of projects and studies by the European Commission.
In terms of applications, in 2006, the Foundation Societat and Culture (FUSIC) created in Barcelona Creative Tourism, a pioneering program designed to promote creative tourism in Barcelona and Catalonia.
FUSIC also created in 2010 the International Network for the Promotion of Creative Tourism - International Network of Creative Tourism - to promote this new international tourist mode.

UNESCO recognizes this new orientation8 and the number of creative cities with this type of tourism is increasing.
The Creative Tourism brings more and more fans in the world, willing to take artistic and creative activity that allows them to experience the culture of their place of residence living special moments with people. The growing popularity of touristes for this new way of experiencing a culture of particular interest to community leaders and sensitive to the ability to attract quality tourism while highlighting the intangible heritage (craft workshops, training cooking, operators etc ) and optimizing the use of existing infrastructure (eg, through the hiring rooms and auditorium).

Tourism is also linked to the world of work through the business and tourism practices through the English call "incentive". The first refers to all the tourist attractions (entertainment, discovery) surrounding business travel, conventions, seminars, exhibitions - and France is still a few years of the world's leading destination for exhibitions and conferences. The second ("Incentive") is organized trips for staff of a company (in French: incentive travel). You can include sporting and recreational events and cultural activities as well as seminars or meetings.
It is observed that the practices are diversifying, intersect, creating more niches for producers of tourism. Customers no longer defined by a single practice, a practice no longer defines a single customer profile.

In China, tourism consumption and tourism increased considerably: in 2003, it is estimated that over 100 million Chinese have traveled and visited your country in addition to trips to familial pattern. This number increased to 130 million in 2008, while 46 million Chinese went abroad.

The arrival of e-tourism is causing disintermediation and consolidation of the tourism sector (electronic ticket paper ticket paper, the development of large distribution platforms, etc) Internet offers new sources of information on destinations, encourages the development of participatory tourism movement welcome, tourism nonprofit that allows tourists to meet locals and helping to reinvent the relationship between visitors and those visited.
More recently, the dark tourism (English dark tourism) is to visit places that evoke the suffering, death and fear: the extermination camp of Auschwitz, Gorée Island, Chernobyl.

source: fr.wikipedia.org